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Multiservice tactical brevity codes^[1] are codes used by various military forces. The codes' procedure words, a type of voice procedure, are designed to convey complex information with a few words.

American/NATO codes[edit]

This is a list of American standardized brevity code words. The scope is limited to those brevity codes used in multiservice operations and does not include words unique to single service operations. While these codes are not authoritative in nature, all services agree to their meanings. Using the codes eases coordination and improves understanding during multiservice operations. The codes are intended for use by air and ground operations personnel at the tactical level. Code words that are followed by an asterisk (*) may differ in meaning from NATO usage.

A[edit]

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1. Orbit about a specific point; refueling track flown by tanker
2. Informative call to indicate a turning engagement about a specific location.

Angels

Height of a friendly aircraft (altitude) in thousands of feet (e.g., Angels Five is 5,000 ft).

Arizona

No anti-radiation missile (ARM) ordnance remaining.

As fragged

Unit or element will be performing exactly as stated by the air tasking order (ATO).

Authenticate

To request or provide a response for a coded challenge.

Autocat

Any communications relay using automatic retransmissions.

Azimuth

Two or more groups primarily separated in bearing.

B[edit]

1. Minimum fuel state needed for aircraft to return to base (aka 'recovery').
2. Proceed/am proceeding to specified base (field) or carrier

Bird

Friendly surface-to-air missile (SAM).

Bird(s) affirm

Surface-to-air (S/A) informative call indicating unit is able and prepared to engage a specified target with SAMs (presumes target is within or will enter the SAM engagement envelope).

Bird(s) away

Friendly SAM has been fired at designated target.

Bird(s) negat

S/A informative call indicating unit is unable to engage a specified target with SAMs. Opposite of bird(s) affirm.

Bittersweet

Notification of possible blue on blue (friendly fire) situation relative to a designated track or friendly aircraft.

Blank

A suppression of enemy air defenses (SEAD) aircraft does not detect any emitters of interest.

Blind

No visual contact with friendly aircraft/ground position; opposite of visual.

Blow through

Directive/informative call that indicates aircraft will continue straight ahead at the merge and not turn with target/targets.

Blue on blue

Friendly fire, inadvertent hostile engagement between allies.

Bogey

A radar or visual air contact whose identity is unknown.

Bogey dope

Request for target information as briefed/available.

Box

Groups/contacts/formations in a square or offset square. FM 101-5-1 MCRP 5-2A

BRAA

Tactical control format providing target bearing, range, altitude, and aspect, relative to a friendly aircraft.

Bracket

Indicates geometry where friendly aircraft will maneuver to a position on opposing sides, either laterally or vertically from the target.

Break (direction)

Directive to perform an immediate maximum performance turn in the direction indicated; assumes a defensive situation.

Breakaway

Tanker or receiver directive call indicating immediate vertical and nose/tail separation between tanker and receiver is required.

Brevity

Radio frequency is becoming saturated, degraded, or jammed and briefer transmissions must follow.

Broadcast

Request/directive to switch to broadcast control.

Broke lock

Loss of radar/infrared (IR) lock-on (advisory).

Bruiser

Friendly air-launched anti-ship missile (ASM) (for example, Harpoon, Exocet, or Penguin missiles).

Buddy lock

Locked to a known friendly aircraft; normally a response to a spike or buddy spike call and accompanied with position/heading/altitude.

Buddy spike

Friendly aircraft(s) air-to-air indication on radar warning receiver (RWR); to be followed by position, heading, and altitude.

Bugout

Separation from that particular engagement/attack/operation; no intent to (direction) re-engage/return.

Bulldog

Friendly surface/submarine-launched ASM (for example, Harpoon, Exocet, Otomat).

Bullseye

An established point from which the position of an object can be referenced; made by cardinal/range or digital format.

Bump/Bump-up

Start temporary increase of flight altitude to set the aircraft to a favorable glide path to the target on the attack run.

Burn glint

Used to provide illumination.

Buster

Directive call to fly at maximum continuous speed.

Buzzer

Electronic communications jamming.

C[edit]

1. Directive call to establish an orbit at a specified location. (location)
2. An orbit at a specified location.

1. (USAF) Active missile supported to high pulse repetition frequency (HPRF, better against oncoming targets), but not medium pulse repetition frequency (MPRF, better against targets flying away).
2. (Naval) Active missile not supported to active range.

1. No radar contacts on aircraft of interest.
2. No visible battle damage
3. Aircraft not carrying external stores.

1. Attack geometry will result in a pass or rollout behind the target.
2. On a leg of the combat air patrol (CAP) pointed away from the anticipated threats.
3. Group( s) heading away from friendly aircraft.

1. Sensor contact at the stated position.
2. Acknowledges sighting of a specified reference point.

Continue

Continue present maneuver; does not imply clearance to engage or expend ordnance.

Continue dry

Ordnance release not authorized.

Cover/covering

Directive/informative call to take Surface/Air action or establish an air-to-air (A/A) posture that will allow engagement of a specified target or threat.

Crank

To maneuver beyond the range of a missile; implies illuminating target at radar gimbal limits in a beyond visual range engagement.

Cutoff

Request for, or directive to, intercept using cutoff geometry.

Cyclops

Any unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV).

D[edit]

1. (USAF) Target stabilized at 0 to 60 degrees aspect. (direction)
2. (Naval) Target stabilized at 120 to 180 degrees aspect.

1. Directive/informative call to stop monitoring a specified emitter/target and resume search responsibilities.
2. Remove the emitter/target from tactical picture/track stores.

Duck

Tactical air-launched decoy (TALD).

E[edit]

Echelon

Groups/contacts/formation with wingman displaced approximately 45 degrees behind leader's 3/9 (o'clock) line, see Echelon formation.

Echo

Positive SEESAW/electronic warfare weapons system (EWWS)/System M/Mode X reply.

Engaged

Maneuvering with the intent to kill; this implies visual/radar acquisition of target.

Estimate

Provides estimate of the size, range, height, or other parameter of a specified contact; implies degradation.

Extend

Short-term maneuver to gain energy, distance, or separation; normally with the (direction) intent of re-engaging.

Eyeball ()

1. Fighter with primary visual identification responsibility.
2. Electro-optical (EO)/IR/NVD acquisition of an aircraft. Normally followed by ( ) number of aircraft observed.

F[edit]

Faded

Radar contact is lost. (Termination of track plotting is not warranted.)

Fast

Target speed is estimated to be at least 600 kn (1,100 km/h) ground speed or Mach 1.

Father

Tactical air navigation (TACAN) station.

Feet wet/dry

Flying over water/land.

FENCE (in/out)

Set cockpit switches as appropriate prior to entering/exiting the combat area (mnemonic for fire-control system/ECM/navigation/communication/Emitters).

Fish

Inbound torpedo.

Flank/flanking

1. (USAF) Target with a stable aspect of 120 to 150 degrees.
2. (Naval) Target with stable aspect of 30 to 60 degrees.

Flash (system)

Temporarily turn on pre-briefed identification, friend or foe (IFF) mode or system.

Float

Directive/informative call to expand the formation laterally within visual limits to maintain a radar contact or prepare for a defensive response.

Fox (number)

Simulated/actual launch of air-to-air weapons.

ONE - semiactive radar-guided missile, such as an AIM-7 Sparrow or Skyflash.

TWO - infrared-guided missile, such as an AIM-9 Sidewinder or AIM-132 ASRAAM.

THREE - active radar-guided missile, such as an AIM-120 AMRAAM or AIM-54 Phoenix.

Fox mike

Very high frequency (VHF)/frequency modulated (FM) radio.

Friendly

A positively identified friendly contact.

Furball

A turning fight involving multiple aircraft with known bandits and friendlies mixed.

Flat

Even yourself out or calibrate yourself

G[edit]

Gadget

Radar or emitter equipment.

Gate

Directive/informative call to fly as quickly as possible, using afterburner/maximum power.

Gimbal

Radar target is approaching azimuth or elevation limits. (Direction)

Glowworm

Flare-dropping aircraft

Go active

Go to the briefed HAVE QUICK net (UHF radio frequency hopping mode)

Go clear

Use unencrypted voice communications.

Goggle/degoggle

Directive/informative call to put on/take off night vision devices.

Gorilla

Large force of indeterminate numbers and formation.

Go secure

Use encrypted voice communications.

Grandslam

All hostile aircraft of a designated track (or against which a mission was tasked) are shot down.

Green (direction)

Direction determined to be clearest of enemy air-to-air activity.

Greyhound

Friendly ground attack cruise missile (for example, Tomahawk land attack missile (TLAM) and conventional air-launched cruise missile (CALCM)).

Group

Radar targets within approximately 3 nautical miles (~3.5 miles, ~5.6 kilometers) of each other.

Guns

An air-to-air or air-to-surface gunshot.

H[edit]

1. (USAF) Target with an aspect of 160 to 180 degrees.
2. (Naval) Target with an aspect of 0 to 20 degrees.

1. Air-to-air (A/A) Momentary radar returns search. (Indicates approximate altitude information from fighter.)
2. Air-to-ground (A/G) Weapons impact within lethal distance.

1. Attack geometry will result in rollout in front of the target.
2. On a leg of the CAP pointing toward the anticipated threats.
3. Group heading towards friendly aircraft; opposite of COLD.
4. Ordnance employment intended or completed.
5. Anti-Aircraft weapon is operational and tracking.

Hotdog

Informative/directive call that an aircraft is approaching or at a specified standoff distance from the sovereign airspace of a nation (as defined by national boundaries or territorial sea and airspace). (Color may indicate additional standoff distance.) Follow briefed procedures.

Hotshot

Informative call that an aircraft is deploying flares for either system testing or visual acquisition purposes

Hotel fox

High frequency (HF) radio.

Husky

(Naval) Air intercept missile (AIM)-120 supported to HPRF active range; same meaning as USAF cheapshot.

I[edit]

1. Directive to identify the target.
2. Identification accomplished, followed by type.

In (direction)

Informative call indicating a turn to a hot aspect relative to a threat/target.

India

Mode IV.

Interrogate

Interrogate the designated contact of the IFF mode indicated.

J[edit]

Jackal

Surveillance network participating group (NPG) of tactical data information link J Link 16 (link 16/TADIL J).^[2]

Joker

Fuel state above BINGO at which separation/bugout/event termination should begin.

Judy

Aircrew has radar/visual contact on the correct target, has taken control of the intercept, and only requires situation awareness information. Controller will minimize radio transmissions.

K[edit]

1. Clearance to fire.
2. In training, a fighter call to indicate kill criteria have been fulfilled.

Knock it off

Directive to cease air combat maneuvers/attacks/activities.

L[edit]

Ladder

Three or more groups/contacts in range.

Laser on

Directive to start laser designation.

Lead-trail

Tactical formation of two contacts within a group separated in range or following one another.

Leaker(s)

Airborne threat has passed through a defensive layer. Call should include amplifying information.

Line abreast

Two contacts within a group side by side.

Lights on/off

Directive to turn on/off exterior lights.

Locked

Final radar lock-on; sort is not assumed. (BRAA/direction)

Lost contact

Radar contact lost. (drop track is recommended.)

Lost lock

Loss of radar/IR lock-on (advisory).

Low

Target altitude below 10,000 ft (3,000 m) above ground level (AGL).

M[edit]

1. Information that friendlies and targets have arrived in the same visual arena.
2. Call indicating radar returns have come together.

Mickey

Have quick radio time-of-day (TOD) signal

Midnight

Informative call advising that C2 functions (Command & Control) are no longer available; opposite of sunrise.

Monitor

Maintain radar awareness on or assume responsibility for specified group.

Mother

Parent ship.

Mud

Indicates radar warning receiver (RWR) ground threat displayed followed by clock position and type. (type/direction)

Music

Electronic radar jamming. (On air interdiction (AI) radar, electronic deceptive jamming.)

N[edit]

Nails

Radar warning receiver (RWR) indication of AI radar in search. Add clock position/azimuth and radar type, if known.

Naked

No radar warning receiver (RWR) indications.

New picture

Used by controller or aircrew when tactical picture has changed. Supersedes all previous calls and re-establishes picture for all players.

No factor

Not a threat.

No joy

Aircrew does not have visual contact with the target/bandit/landmark; opposite of tally.

Notch

All aspect missile defensive maneuver to place threat radar/missile on the beam (directly perpendicular). Modern pulse-doppler radars remove ground clutter by filtering out returns from stationary objects; putting the threat on the beam permits the defending aircraft to be confused with ground returns and hence disappear from the threat radar. As missiles guide by creating a direct intercept course, this is also used to reduce the missile's speed and thus its ability to maneuver if radar lock is maintained.

O[edit]

Off (direction)

Informative call indicating attack is terminated and maneuvering to the indicated direction.

Offset

Informative call indicating maneuver in a specified direction with reference to (direction) the target.

On station

Informative call unit/aircraft has reached assigned station.

Opening

Increasing in range.

Oranges

Weather.

Out (direction)

Informative call indicating a turn to a cold aspect relative to the threat; opposite of in.

Outlaw

Informative call that a bogey has met point of origin criteria.

P[edit]

Package

Geographically isolated collection of groups/contacts/formations.

Padlocked

Informative call indicating aircrew cannot take eyes off an aircraft or a surface position without risk of losing tally/visual.

Paint(s)

Interrogated group/radar contact that is responding with any of the specified IFF modes and correct codes established for the id criteria.

Parrot

IFF transponder.

Paveway

Release of laser-guided bomb or bombs

Picture

Provide tactical situation status pertinent to mission.

Pigeons

Magnetic bearing and range to homeplate (or specified destination). (Location)

Pince/pincer

Threat maneuvering for a bracket attack.

Pitbull

Informative call that an active radar-guided missile (such as AIM-120, AIM-54, Meteor) is at active range and no longer requires radar input from launch aircraft.

Playmate

Cooperating aircraft.

Playtime

Amount of time aircraft can remain on station.

(freq) Pogo (freq)

Switch to communication channel number preceding POGO. If unable to establish communications, switch to channel number following POGO. If no channel number follows POGO, return to this channel.

Pop

Starting climb for air-to-surface attack.

Popeye

Flying in clouds or area of reduced visibility.

Popup

1. Informative call of a contact that has suddenly appeared inside of meld/CCR/briefed range. 2. Criteria used as a self-defense method, within the ROE, to protect friendly air defense elements from hostile aircraft.

Posit

Request for position; response in terms of a geographic landmark, or off a common reference point.

Post attack

Directive transmission to indicate desired direction after completion of (Direction) intercept/engagement.

Post hole

Rapid descending spiral.

Press

Directive to continue the attack; mutual support will be maintained. Supportive role will be assumed.

Print (type)

Unambiguous Non-Cooperative Target Recognition (NCTR) reply.

Pull chocks

Depart. Get ready to depart. (Refers to pulling concrete blocks from aircraft wheels to allow take-off)

Pump

A briefed maneuver to low aspect (where aspect refers to target position—regardless of distance—relative to the friendly aircraft's nose; 'high aspect' would be on an azimuth in front of the friendly, while 'low aspect' would indicate position along an azimuth behind the friendly) to stop closure on the threat or geographical boundary, with the intent to re-engage.

Pure

Informative call indicating pure pursuit is being used or directive to go pure pursuit.

Push (channel)

Go to designated frequency. No acknowledgment required.

Pushing

Departing designated point.

Pushing

Informative call that said group( s) have turned cold and will continue to be (group description) monitored.

R[edit]

Range

Two or more groups separated primarily in distance along the same bearing.

Raygun

Indicates a radar lock-on to unknown aircraft; a request for a buddy spike (position/heading/altitude) reply from friendly aircraft meeting these parameters (to prevent friendly fire).

Reference

Directive to assume stated heading. (Direction)

Repeat

Used in surface-surface operations to fire again using the same method of fire (during adjustment) or to fire the same number of rounds using the same method of fire (during fire for effect). This is not used to request that the last message be retransmitted (for this, use say again).

Reported

Identification of an object or a contact by an intelligence system. (Type)

Request tasking

requesting an objective (or heading) from ground control or from AWACS towards an area of operation.

Reset

Proceed to a pre-briefed position or area of operation.

Resume

Resume last formation/station/mission ordered.

Retrograde

Directive to withdraw from present position or area of operation in response to a threat.

Rider

A bogey that is conforming with safe passage routing/airspeed/altitude procedures.

Rifle

Friendly air-to-ground missile launch.

Ripple

Two or more munitions released or fired in close succession.

River City

Implement immediate communications blackout until further notice.

Roger

Radio transmission received; does not indicate compliance or reaction.

Rolex (±time)

Time-line adjustment in minutes from planned mission execution time. (Positive is later).

Rope

Illumination of an aircraft with an IR pointer.

S[edit]

1. Directive to assign targeting or monitoring responsibility for multiple targets within a group; criteria can be met visually, electronically (radar), or both.
2. Sort responsibility has been met.

1. Equipment indicated is operating inefficiently.
2. Invalid response to an administrative IFF check. (Opposite of sweet.)

1. Equipment indicated is operating efficiently.
2. Valid response to an administrative IFF check. (Opposite of sour.)

Switch/switched

Indicates an attacker is changing from one aircraft to another.

T[edit]

1. Stop laser illumination of a target.
2. Cease local engagement without affecting the overall exercise.

1. Fire control system has solid lock on target (aka a 'stabilized gun solution').
2. Continuous illumination of a target.
3. Contact heading.

Trailer

The last aircraft within a group(s).

Trashed

Informative call that missile has been defeated.

Trespass

The addressed flight is entering a surface/air threat ring of a specific system at the stated (position) location.

Tumbleweed

Indicates limited situational awareness; no joy, blind; a request for information.

U[edit]

Unable

Cannot comply as requested/directed.

Uniform

Ultra-high frequency (UHF) radio.

V[edit]

Vampire

Hostile antiship missile (ASM).

Very high

Above 40,000 ft (12,000 m) MSL.

Vic

Three groups, contacts, or formations with the single closest in range and two contacts, azimuth split, in trail.

Victor

VHF/amplitude modulation (AM) radio.

Visual

Sighting of a friendly aircraft/ground position; opposite of blind.

W[edit]

Wall

Three or more groups or contacts primarily split in azimuth.

Warning (color)

Hostile attack is

RED imminent or in progress.

YELLOW probable.

WHITE improbable (all clear).

Weapons (followed by appropriate modifier below)

Fire only;

FREE at targets not identified as friendly in accordance with current rules of engagement (ROE).

TIGHT at targets positively identified as hostile in accordance with current ROE.

HOLD* (USA, USMC) in self-defense or in response to a formal order.

SAFE (USN) NOTE: USN and NATO use weapons safe to avoid confusion with the phrase hold fire.

Weeds

Indicates that fixed-wing aircraft are operating below 2,000 ft (610 m) above ground level.

What luck

Request for results of missions or tasks.

What state

Report amount of fuel and missiles remaining. Ammunition and oxygen are reported only when specifically requested or critical.

Active = number of active radar missiles remaining.

Radar = number of semi-active radar missiles remaining.

Heat = number of IR missiles remaining.

Fuel = pounds of fuel or time remaining.

1. A suppression of enemy air defenses (SEAD) aircraft is gathering electronic order of battle (EOB) (which emitter controls the operations of other emitters) on a designated emitter; generally followed by signal type, (SAM/AAA/group) bearing, and range, if able.
2. Aircraft executing electronic identification (EID) on a specific aircraft/group to obtain identification necessary for beyond visual range (BVR) employment.

Y[edit]

Yardstick

Directive to use air-to-air tactical air navigation (A/A TACAN) for ranging.

See also[edit]

References[edit]

Notes

1. ^'Brevity - MULTI-SERVICE BREVITY CODES - FM 1-02.1 (FM 3-54.10) - MCRP 3-25B - NTTP 6-02.1 - AFTTP(I) 3-2.5 - JUNE 2005'(PDF). Retrieved 30 August 2013.
2. ^ ^abPike, John (23 April 2000). 'Tactical Digital Information Links (TADIL)'. Federation of American Scientists (FAS). Archived from the original on 26 February 2016. Retrieved 13 September 2018.

Sources

• Army Training and Doctrine Command; Marine Corps Combat Development Command; LeMay Center for Doctrine (April 2010). Multi-Service Brevity Codes(PDF). FM 1-02.1, MCRP 3-25B, NTTP 6-02.1, AFTTP 3-2.5. Air Land Sea Application Center. Retrieved 2010-08-18.^{[permanent dead link]}
• Navy Warfare Development Command (NWDC)
• FM 101-5-1: Operational Terms and Graphics, 30 September 1997, Department of the Army/HQ US Marine Corps (Appendix E)
• Intelligence Resource Program: TADIL, 23 April 2000, Federation of American Scientists

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